جديد x جديد ليوم السبت 2-5- 2009 هل تريد ان تعرف الحقيقة ؟

هل تريد ان تعرف الحقيقة ؟؟؟

كل المنتجات والسلع فى السوق لها رقم مميز يدل على بلد المنشأ أو الصنع او الدولة المسؤلة عنه

يوجد نظام عالمى يسمى الباركود توضع فيه الأرقام تحت أعمدة ملونة أو بيضاء وسوداء وكل رقم يدل على الدولة يعنى مصر مثلا اول 3 ارقام تجدها 622 تبقى دى مصر والمنتج دا مصرى وهكذا

طبعا تسأل فية منتجات تصنع بمصر ولكن الباركود المكتوب مختلف -- اقولك ان الشركة الأم قد تشترط ذلك وهذا واضح من شركات مسحوق الغسيل والسبب ان هذا المنتج يسوق عالميا بترخيص من هذة الشركة وهى التى تحميه ام جهة الصنع فهذا امر آخر يتعلق بتكاليف المنتج

على العموم امامك كل الدول واعرف مصلحتك من الأن ولا يضحك عليك البائع ويقولك دى المانى وهى تيوانى فلكل بلد رقم

EAN-International

(European Article Numbering)

00 to 13 U.S.A. & Canada (UCC)

20 to 29 In-store numbers

30 to 37 France (GENCOD-EAN France)

380 Bulgaria (BCCI)

383 Slovenia (SANA)

385 Croatia (CRO-EAN)

387 Bosnia-Herzegovina (EAN-BIH)

400 to 440 Germany (CCG)

45 + 49 Japan (Distribution Code Center - DCC)

460 to 469 Russian Federation UNISCAN - EAN Russia)

471 Taiwan (CAN)

474 EAN Estonia

475 EAN Latvia

476 EAN Azerbaijan

477 EAN Lithuania

478 EAN Uzbekistan

479 EAN Sri Lanka

480 Philippines (PANC)

481 EAN Belarus

482 EAN Ukraine

484 EAN Moldova

485 EAN Armenia

486 EAN Georgia

487 EAN Kazakhstan

489 Hong Kong (HKANA)

50 E Centre UK

520 Greece (HELLCAN - EAN HELLAS)

528 EAN Lebanon

529 EAN Cyprus

531 FYR Macedonia (EAN-MAC)

535 Malta (MANA)

539 EAN Ireland

54 Belgium & Luxembourg (ICODIF/EAN)

560 Portugal (CODIPOR)

569 EAN-Iceland

57 EAN Denmark

590 EAN Poland

594 EAN Romania

599 Hungary (HAPMH)

600 to 601 EAN South Africa

609 EAN Mauritius

611 EAN Maroc

613 EAN Algeria

616 EAN Kenya

619 Tunisia (TUNICODE)

621 EAN Syria

622 EAN Egypt

624 EAN Libya

625 EAN Jordan

626 EAN Iran

627 EAN Kuwait

628 EAN Saudi Arabia

629 EAN Emirates

64 EAN Finland

690 to 693 China (Article Numbering Centre of China)

70 EAN Norge

729 EAN Israel

73 EAN Sweden

740 EAN Guatemala

741 EAN El Salvador

742 Honduras (ICCC)

743 EAN Nicaragua

744 EAN Costa Rica

745 EAN Panama

746 EAN Republica Dominica

750 Mexico (AMECE)

759 EAN Venezuela

76 EAN (Schweiz, Suisse, Svizzera)

770 Colombia (IAC)

773 EAN Uruguay

775 EAN Peru

770 IAC Colombia

777 EAN Bolivia

779 EAN Argentina

780 EAN Chile

784 EAN Paraguay

786 Ecuador (ECOP)

789 EAN Brazil

80 to 83 Italy (INDICOD)

84 Spain (AECOC)

850 Cuba (CCRC)

858 EAN Slovakia

859 EAN Czech

860 Yugoslavia (EAN YU)

867 North Korea (EAN DPR Korea)

869 Turkey (UCCT)

87 EAN Nederland

880 South Korea (EAN Korea)

885 EAN Thailand

888 Singapore (SANC)

890 EAN India

893 EAN Vietnam

899 EAN Indonesia

90 to 91 EAN Austria

93 EAN Australia

94 EAN New Zealand

950 EAN Headquarter - für Länder die keine eingene Vertretung

haben

955 Malaysian (Malaysian Article Numbering Council)

958 EAN Macau

977 Periodicals (ISSN)

978 to 979 Books (ISBN)

980 Refund receipts

981 to 982 Common Currency Coupons

99 Coupons

جديد x جديد ليوم السبت 2-5- 2009 العلم والتكنولوجيا للجميع

 العلم والتكنولوجيا للجميع

الهندسة العكسية سر التقدم الصناعى الهندسى والخدمى

كلمات بسيطة ومعبرة عن هذا الموضوع وأهميته

(سيتم لاحقا وضع ملف باللغة العربية فى هذا الموضوع)

What Is Reverse Engineering?

Engineering is the profession involved in designing, manufacturing, constructing, and maintaining of products, systems, and structures. At a higher level, there are two types of engineering: forward engineering and reverse engineering.

 Forward engineering is the traditional process of moving from high-level abstractions and logical designs to the physical implementation of a system. In some situations, there may be a physical part without any technical details, such as drawings, bills-of-material, or without engineering data, such as thermal and electrical properties.

 The process of duplicating an existing component, subassembly, or product, without the aid of drawings, documentation, or computer model is known as reverse engineering.

 Reverse engineering can be viewed as the process of analyzing a system to:

= Identify the system's components and their interrelationships

= Create representations of the system in another form or a higher level of abstraction

= Create the physical representation of that system

 Reverse engineering is very common in such diverse fields as software engineering, entertainment, automotive, consumer products, microchips, chemicals, electronics, and mechanical designs. For example, when a new machine comes to market, competing manufacturers may buy one machine and disassemble it to learn how it was built and how it works. A chemical company may use reverse engineering to defeat a patent on a competitor's manufacturing process. In civil engineering, bridge and building designs are copied from past successes so there will be less chance of catastrophic failure. In software engineering, good source code is often a variation of other good source code.

 In some situations, designers give a shape to their ideas by using clay, plaster, wood, or foam rubber, but a CAD model is needed to enable the manufacturing of the part. As products become more organic in shape, designing in CAD may be challenging or impossible. There is no guarantee that the CAD model will be acceptably close to the sculpted model. Reverse engineering provides a solution to this problem because the physical model is the source of information for the CAD model. This is also referred to as the part-to-CAD process.

 Another reason for reverse engineering is to compress product development times. In the intensely competitive global market, manufacturers are constantly seeking new ways to shorten lead-times to market a new product. Rapid product development (RPD) refers to recently developed technologies and techniques that assist manufacturers and designers in meeting the demands of reduced product development time. For example, injection-molding companies must drastically reduce the tool and die development times. By using reverse engineering, a three-dimensional product or model can be quickly captured in digital form, re-modeled, and exported for rapid prototyping/tooling or rapid manufacturing.

 Following are reasons for reverse engineering a part or product:

+ The original manufacturer of a product no longer produces a product

+ There is inadequate documentation of the original design

+ The original manufacturer no longer exists, but a customer needs the product

+ The original design documentation has been lost or never existed

+ Some bad features of a product need to be designed out. For example, excessive wear might indicate where a product should be improved

+ To strengthen the good features of a product based on long-term usage of the product

+ To analyze the good and bad features of competitors' product

+ To explore new avenues to improve product performance and features

+ To gain competitive benchmarking methods to understand competitor's products and develop better products

+ The original CAD model is not sufficient to support modifications or current manufacturing methods

+ The original supplier is unable or unwilling to provide additional parts

+ The original equipment manufacturers are either unwilling or unable to supply replacement parts, or demand inflated costs for sole-source parts

+ To update obsolete materials or antiquated manufacturing processes with more current, less-expensive technologies

 Reverse engineering enables the duplication of an existing part by capturing the component's physical dimensions, features, and material properties. Before attempting reverse engineering, a well-planned life-cycle analysis and cost/benefit analysis should be conducted to justify the reverse engineering projects. Reverse engineering is typically cost effective only if the items to be reverse engineered reflect a high investment or will be reproduced in large quantities. Reverse engineering of a part may be attempted even if it is not cost effective, if the part is absolutely required and is mission-critical to a system.

 Reverse engineering of mechanical parts involves acquiring three-dimensional position data in the point cloud using laser scanners or computed tomography (CT). Representing geometry of the part in terms of surface points is the first step in creating parametric surface patches. A good polymesh is created from the point cloud using reverse engineering software. The cleaned-up polymesh, NURBS (Non-uniform rational B-spline) curves, or NURBS surfaces are exported to CAD packages for further refinement, analysis, and generation of cutter tool paths for CAM. Finally, the CAM produces the physical part.

It can be said that reverse engineering begins with the product and works through the design process in the opposite direction to arrive at a product definition statement (PDS). In doing so, it uncovers as much information as possible about the design ideas that were used to produce a particular product.